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	<title>BlackHC's Adventures in the Dev World &#187; integrals</title>
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		<title>Partial Integration and the Substitution Rule</title>
		<link>http://blog.blackhc.net/2009/01/partial-integration-and-the-substitution-rule/</link>
		<comments>http://blog.blackhc.net/2009/01/partial-integration-and-the-substitution-rule/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2009 23:21:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>BlackHC</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Maths]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Personal Rantings]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[deduction]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[integrals]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[math]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.blackhc.net/?p=201</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<a href="http://blog.blackhc.net/2009/01/partial-integration-and-the-substitution-rule/" title="Partial Integration and the Substitution Rule"></a>I only want to write this down to have a place to look it up: If we want to integrate \displaystyle{ \int_{a}^{b}{f'\left(x \right) g\left( x\right)} } , we can use: \displaystyle { (f \cdot g)'\left( x \right) &#038; = f'\left(x &#8230;<p class="read-more"><a href="http://blog.blackhc.net/2009/01/partial-integration-and-the-substitution-rule/">Read more &#187;</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="http://blog.blackhc.net/2009/01/partial-integration-and-the-substitution-rule/" title="Partial Integration and the Substitution Rule"></a><p>I only want to write this down to have a place to look it up:</p>
<p>If we want to integrate <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://blog.blackhc.net/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f1cef8fd264efdc31131d23d9ad2a17e.gif' style=' ' class='tex' alt="\displaystyle{ \int_{a}^{b}{f'\left(x \right) g\left( x\right)} } " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\displaystyle{ \int_{a}^{b}{f'\left(x \right) g\left( x\right)} } </script>, we can use:</p>
<pre><span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://blog.blackhc.net/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0c6294650adba27d597a2a7f477e38e6.gif' style=' ' class='tex' alt="
  \displaystyle { (f \cdot g)'\left( x \right) & = f'\left(x \right)g\left(x \right) +  f\left(x \right)g'\left(x \right) } \\
 \displaystyle { \Leftrightarrow f\left(x \right)g\left(x \right) \big |_{a=x}^b } & = \displaystyle { \int_{a}^{b}{ f'\left(x \right)g\left(x \right) +  f\left(x \right)g' \left(x \right) } \, dx  } \\
\displaystyle { \Leftrightarrow \int_{a}^{b}{ f'\left(x \right)g\left(x \right) }\, dx } & \displaystyle { = f\left(x \right)g\left(x \right) |_{a=x}^b - \int_{a}^{b}{ f\left(x \right)g' \left(x \right) } \, dx }
" /></span><script type='math/tex'>
  \displaystyle { (f \cdot g)'\left( x \right) & = f'\left(x \right)g\left(x \right) +  f\left(x \right)g'\left(x \right) } \\
 \displaystyle { \Leftrightarrow f\left(x \right)g\left(x \right) \big |_{a=x}^b } & = \displaystyle { \int_{a}^{b}{ f'\left(x \right)g\left(x \right) +  f\left(x \right)g' \left(x \right) } \, dx  } \\
\displaystyle { \Leftrightarrow \int_{a}^{b}{ f'\left(x \right)g\left(x \right) }\, dx } & \displaystyle { = f\left(x \right)g\left(x \right) |_{a=x}^b - \int_{a}^{b}{ f\left(x \right)g' \left(x \right) } \, dx }
</script></pre>
<p>And if we want to substitute a function in an integral:</p>
<p><span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://blog.blackhc.net/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3d9d7bde68a691fb9c5c5d34286c1699.gif' style=' ' class='tex' alt=" 
{  \int_{g\left(a \right)}^{g\left(b \right)}{ f\left( x  \right) } \, dx = F \left ( g \left ( b \right ) \right ) - F \left ( g \left ( a \right ) \right ) = \left (F \circ g \right ) \left ( b \right ) - \left (F \circ g \right ) \left ( a \right ) = } \\ 
= \int_{a}^{b}{ \left (F \circ g \right ) ' \left ( x \right )  } \, dx = \int_{a}^{b}{ f \left ( g  \left ( x \right ) \right )  } \, g' \left ( x \right ) \, dx 
" /></span><script type='math/tex'> 
{  \int_{g\left(a \right)}^{g\left(b \right)}{ f\left( x  \right) } \, dx = F \left ( g \left ( b \right ) \right ) - F \left ( g \left ( a \right ) \right ) = \left (F \circ g \right ) \left ( b \right ) - \left (F \circ g \right ) \left ( a \right ) = } \\ 
= \int_{a}^{b}{ \left (F \circ g \right ) ' \left ( x \right )  } \, dx = \int_{a}^{b}{ f \left ( g  \left ( x \right ) \right )  } \, g' \left ( x \right ) \, dx 
</script></p>
<p>(with <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://blog.blackhc.net/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_48c24e86fe20861425362f576bc70f28.gif' style=' ' class='tex' alt=" F \left ( x \right ) = \int^{x}{ f \left ( x \right )} \, dx" /></span><script type='math/tex'> F \left ( x \right ) = \int^{x}{ f \left ( x \right )} \, dx</script>)<br />
or using a trick:</p>
<pre>
<span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://blog.blackhc.net/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1c4bedd7ba7df9a4fdbbc244606ffed6.gif' style=' ' class='tex' alt="\int_{a}^{b}{f \left ( g \left ( x \right ) \right ) } \, dx = F \left ( b \right ) - F \left ( a \right ) = \left ( F \circ g \circ g^{-1} \right ) \left ( b \right ) - \left ( F \circ g \circ g^{-1} \right ) \left ( a \right ) = \\
= \left ( F \circ g^{-1} \right ) \left( g \left ( b \right ) \right ) - \left ( F \circ g^{-1} \right ) \left( g \left ( a \right ) \right ) =
\int_{g \left ( a \right )}^{g \left ( b \right )}{ \left ( F \circ g^{-1} \right ) ' \left ( x \right ) } \, dx = \\
= \int_{g \left ( a \right )}^{g \left ( b \right )}{ F' \left ( g^{-1} \left ( x \right ) \right ) \, g^{-1} ' \left ( x \right ) } \, dx =
 \int_{g \left ( a \right )}^{g \left ( b \right )}{ f \left ( g \left ( g^{-1} \left ( x \right ) \right ) \right ) \, g^{-1} ' \left ( x \right ) } \, dx = \\
= \int_{g \left ( a \right )}^{g \left ( b \right )}{ f \left ( x \right ) \, \frac{1}{g' \left ( g^{-1} \left ( x \right ) \right} } \, dx
" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\int_{a}^{b}{f \left ( g \left ( x \right ) \right ) } \, dx = F \left ( b \right ) - F \left ( a \right ) = \left ( F \circ g \circ g^{-1} \right ) \left ( b \right ) - \left ( F \circ g \circ g^{-1} \right ) \left ( a \right ) = \\
= \left ( F \circ g^{-1} \right ) \left( g \left ( b \right ) \right ) - \left ( F \circ g^{-1} \right ) \left( g \left ( a \right ) \right ) =
\int_{g \left ( a \right )}^{g \left ( b \right )}{ \left ( F \circ g^{-1} \right ) ' \left ( x \right ) } \, dx = \\
= \int_{g \left ( a \right )}^{g \left ( b \right )}{ F' \left ( g^{-1} \left ( x \right ) \right ) \, g^{-1} ' \left ( x \right ) } \, dx =
 \int_{g \left ( a \right )}^{g \left ( b \right )}{ f \left ( g \left ( g^{-1} \left ( x \right ) \right ) \right ) \, g^{-1} ' \left ( x \right ) } \, dx = \\
= \int_{g \left ( a \right )}^{g \left ( b \right )}{ f \left ( x \right ) \, \frac{1}{g' \left ( g^{-1} \left ( x \right ) \right} } \, dx
</script></pre>
<p>(with <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://blog.blackhc.net/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b5b10e81e8e40d3afec59a885383f4cc.gif' style=' ' class='tex' alt=" F \left ( x \right ) = \int^{x}{ f \left ( g \left ( x \right ) \right )} \, dx" /></span><script type='math/tex'> F \left ( x \right ) = \int^{x}{ f \left ( g \left ( x \right ) \right )} \, dx</script>)</p>
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